# DFHack Core

## Command implementation

DFHack commands can be implemented in any of three ways:

builtin:

  commands are implemented by the core of DFHack. They manage other DFHack tools, interpret commands, and control basic aspects of DF (force pause or quit).

plugins:

  are stored in `hack/plugins/` and must be compiled with the same version of DFHack. They are less flexible than scripts, but used for complex or ongoing tasks because they run faster.

scripts:

  are Ruby or Lua scripts stored in `hack/scripts/`. Because they don’t need to be compiled, scripts are more flexible about versions, and easier to distribute. Most third-party DFHack addons are scripts.

All tools distributed with DFHack are documented here.

## Using DFHack commands

DFHack commands can be executed in a number of ways:

1. Typing the command into the DFHack console (see below)

2. From the OS terminal (see below)

3. Pressing a key combination set up with keybinding

4. From one of several Init files, automatically

5. Using script to run a batch of commands from a file

### The DFHack console

The command line has some nice line editing capabilities, including history that’s preserved between different runs of DF - use `↑` and `↓` to go through the history.

To include whitespace in the argument/s to some command, quote it in double quotes. To include a double quote character, use `\"`.

If the first non-whitespace character is `:`, the command is parsed in an alternative mode. The non-whitespace characters following the `:` are the command name, and the remaining part of the line is used verbatim as the first argument. This is very useful for the lua and ruby commands. As an example, the following two command lines are exactly equivalent:

    :foo a b "c d" e f
    foo "a b \"c d\" e f"

### Using an OS terminal

DFHack commands can be run from an OS terminal at startup, using ‘+ args’, or at any other time using the `dfhack-run` executable.

If DF/DFHack is started with arguments beginning with `+`, the remaining text is treated as a command in the DFHack console. It is possible to use multiple such commands, which are split on `+`. For example:

    ./dfhack +load-save region1
    "Dwarf Fortress.exe" +devel/print-args Hello! +enable workflow

The first example (*nix), load-save, skips the main menu and loads `region1` immediately. The second (Windows) example prints Hello! in the DFHack console, and enables workflow. Note that the `:foo` syntax for whitespace in arguments is not compatible with ‘+ args’.

#### dfhack-run

If DF and DFHack are already running, calling `dfhack-run my command` in an external terminal is equivalent to calling `my command` in the DFHack console. Direct use of the DFHack console is generally easier, but `dfhack-run` can be useful in a variety of circumstances:

- if the console is unavailable

  - with the init setting `PRINT_MODE:TEXT`

  - while running an interactive command (e.g. liquids or tiletypes)

- from external programs or scripts

- if DF or DFHack are not responding

Examples:

    ./dfhack-run cursecheck
    dfhack-run kill-lua

The first (*nix) example checks for vampires; the second (Windows) example uses kill-lua to stop a Lua script.

Note

`dfhack-run` attempts to connect to a server on TCP port 5000. If DFHack was unable to start this server, `dfhack-run` will not be able to connect. This could happen if you have other software listening on port 5000, or if you have multiple copies of DF running simultaneously. To assign a different port, see Server configuration.

## Configuration files

Most DFHack settings can be changed by modifying files in the `dfhack-config` folder (which is in the DF folder). The default versions of these files, if they exist, are in `dfhack-config/default` and are installed when DFHack starts if necessary.

### Init files

DFHack allows users to automatically run commonly-used DFHack commands when DF is first loaded, when a world is loaded, when a map is loaded, when a map is unloaded, and when a world is unloaded.

Init scripts function the same way they would if the user manually typed in their contents, but are much more convenient. In order to facilitate savegave portability, mod merging, and general organization of init files, DFHack supports multiple init files both in the main DF directory and save-specific init files in the save folders.

DFHack looks for init files in three places each time they could be run:

1. The `dfhack-config/init` subdirectory in the main DF directory

2. `data/save/world/raw`, where `world` is the current save, and

3. `data/save/world/raw/objects`

For each of those directories, all matching init files will be executed in alphabetical order.

Before running matched init scripts in any of those locations, the `dfhack-config/init/default.*` file that matches the event will be run to load DFHack defaults. Only the `dfhack-config/init` directory is checked for this file, not any `raw` directories. If you want DFHack to load without running any of its default configuration commands, edit the `dfhack-config/init/default.*` files and comment out the commands you see there.

When reading commands from the init files or with the script command, if the final character on a line is a backslash then the next uncommented line is considered a continuation of that line, with the backslash deleted. Commented lines are skipped, so it is possible to comment out parts of a command with the `#` character.

#### dfhack*.init

On startup, DFHack looks for files of the form `dfhack*.init` (where `*` is a placeholder for any string, including the empty string).

These files are best used for keybindings and enabling persistent plugins which do not require a world to be loaded.

#### onLoad*.init

When a world is loaded, DFHack looks for files of the form `onLoad*.init`, where `*` can be any string, including the empty string.

A world being loaded can mean a fortress, an adventurer, or legends mode.

These files are best used for non-persistent commands, such as setting a Tools that fix specific bugs, either permanently or on-demand. script to run on repeat.

#### onMapLoad*.init

When a map is loaded, either in adventure or fort mode, DFHack looks for files of the form `onMapLoad*.init`, where `*` can be any string, including the empty string.

These files are best used for commands that are only relevant once there is a game map loaded.

#### onMapUnload*.init and onUnload*.init

When a map or world is unloaded, DFHack looks for files of the form `onMapUnload*.init` or `onUnload*.init`, respectively.

Modders often use unload init scripts to disable tools which should not run after a modded save is unloaded.

#### raw/init.d/*.lua

Any lua script named `raw/init.d/*.lua`, in the save or main DF directory, will be run when any world or that save is loaded.

### Script paths

Script paths are folders that DFHack searches to find a script when a command is run. By default, the following folders are searched, in order (relative to the root DF folder):

1. `data/save/<region folder>/raw/scripts` (only if a save is loaded)

2. `raw/scripts`

3. `hack/scripts`

For example, if `teleport` is run, these folders are searched in order for `teleport.lua` or `teleport.rb`, and the first matching file is run.

Script paths can be added by modifying `dfhack-config/script-paths.txt`. Each line should start with one of these characters:

- `+`: adds a script path that is searched before the default paths (above)

- `-`: adds a script path that is searched after the default paths

- `#`: a comment (the line is ignored)

Paths can be absolute or relative - relative paths are interpreted relative to the root DF folder.

Tip

When developing scripts in the dfhack/scripts repo, it may be useful to add the path to your local copy of the repo with `+`. This will allow you to make changes in the repo and have them take effect immediately, without needing to re-install or copy scripts over manually.

Note that `script-paths.txt` is only read at startup, but the paths can also be modified programmatically at any time through the Lua API.

## Environment variables

DFHack’s behavior can be adjusted with some environment variables. For example, on UNIX-like systems:

    DFHACK_SOME_VAR=1 ./dfhack

- `DFHACK_PORT`: the port to use for the RPC server (used by `dfhack-run` and RemoteFortressReader among others) instead of the default `5000`. As with the default, if this port cannot be used, the server is not started. See DFHack remote interface for more details.

- `DFHACK_DISABLE_CONSOLE`: if set, the DFHack console is not set up. This is the default behavior if `PRINT_MODE:TEXT` is set in `data/init/init.txt`. Intended for situations where DFHack cannot run in a terminal window.

- `DFHACK_HEADLESS`: if set, and `PRINT_MODE:TEXT` is set, DF’s display will be hidden, and the console will be started unless `DFHACK_DISABLE_CONSOLE` is also set. Intended for non-interactive gameplay only.

- `DFHACK_NO_GLOBALS`, `DFHACK_NO_VTABLES`: ignores all global or vtable addresses in `symbols.xml`, respectively. Intended for development use - e.g. to make sure tools do not crash when these addresses are missing.

- `DFHACK_NO_DEV_PLUGINS`: if set, any plugins from the plugins/devel folder that are built and installed will not be loaded on startup.

- `DFHACK_LOG_MEM_RANGES` (macOS only): if set, logs memory ranges to `stderr.log`. Note that devel/lsmem can also do this.

- `DFHACK_ENABLE_LUACOV`: if set, enables coverage analysis of Lua scripts. Use the devel/luacov script to generate coverage reports from the collected metrics.

Other (non-DFHack-specific) variables that affect DFHack:

- `TERM`: if this is set to `dumb` or `cons25` on *nix, the console will not support any escape sequences (arrow keys, etc.).

- `LANG`, `LC_CTYPE`: if either of these contain “UTF8” or “UTF-8” (not case sensitive), `DF2CONSOLE()` will produce UTF-8-encoded text. Note that this should be the case in most UTF-8-capable *nix terminal emulators already.

## Miscellaneous notes

This section is for odd but important notes that don’t fit anywhere else.

- If a DF `H` hotkey is named with a DFHack command, pressing the corresponding `Fx` button will run that command, instead of zooming to the set location. This feature will be removed in a future version. (see Issue 731)

- The binaries for 0.40.15-r1 to 0.34.11-r4 are on DFFD. Older versions are available here. These files will eventually be migrated to GitHub. (see Issue 473)